TCP 3-Way Handshake: How Every Connection Begins [Under the Hood]
hafeez@unixshadow: ~/capture.pcap hafeez@unixshadow:~$ sudo tcpdump -i eth0 ‘tcp port 443’ # the 3-way handshake, live TCP 3-Way HandshakeHow Every Connection […]
The OSI Model: 7 Layers of Networking [Under the Hood]
hafeez@unixshadow: ~/packet.bin hafeez@unixshadow:~$ ping -c1 203.0.113.7 # then: what each layer added on the way down The OSI Model7 Layers […]
Linux Boot Sequence: From Power-On to Login Prompt [Under the Hood]
hafeez@unixshadow: /var/log/boot.log hafeez@unixshadow:~$ journalctl –list-boots | head -1 # what actually happens at boot Linux Boot SequenceFrom Power-On to Login […]
Best Linux Distro for a VPS in 2026
The Short Answer If you just want the answer: Ubuntu 24.04 LTS if you run applications, Debian 12 if you […]
Ubuntu vs Debian for Servers: Which Belongs on Your VPS?
Same Family, Different Philosophy Ubuntu is built from Debian. They share the package manager, the init system, and most of […]
AlmaLinux vs Rocky Linux: Which RHEL Clone Belongs on Your VPS?
The CentOS-Sized Hole in the Room When Red Hat killed CentOS Linux as a stable downstream rebuild in 2020, it […]